Looking at languages : a workbook in elementary linguistics / Paul R. Frommer, Edward Finegan.

Typography of title proper on t.p.: Looking @t languages.

Includes bibliographical references (p.399-400) and index.

1. MORPHOLOGY. Key Terms and Symbols. SOLVED?PROBLEM-MORPHEMES: Hungarian Morpheme Identification. EXERCISES BASED ON ENGLISH. LEXICAL CATEGORIES: Lexical Categories in English. LEXICAL CATEGORIES: Stress and Lexical Categories in English. MORPHEMES: Types of English Morphemes.MORPHEMES: Derivational Prefixes and Suffixes. ORGANIZATION OF MORPHEMES: Constituency and Word-Formation Rules in English. ORGANIZATION OF MORPHEMES: Constituency and Word-Formation Rules in English 2. INCREASING VOCABULARY: Morphological Processes in English. INCREASING VOCABULARY: English Past-Tense Productivity Experiment.EXERCISES BASED ON OTHER LANGUAGES. MORPHEMES: Spanish versus Hebrew Gender and Number. MORPHEMES: Malay/Indonesian Morpheme Identification. MORPHEMES: Persian Morpheme Identification 1. MORPHEMES: Persian Morpheme Identification 2. INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY: Latin Declensions. INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY: Lakota Verbs. INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY: Na'vi Verbs.2. PHONETICS. Key Terms and Symbols. EXERCISES BASED ON ENGLISH. SOUNDS AND SPELLINGS: English Consonants. PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION: Reading Practice 1. PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION: Reading Practice 2-English Homophones. PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION: Reading Practice 3-Film and Play Names. PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION: Reading Practice 4. PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION: Writing Practice. ENGLISH WORDS MISTRANSCRIBED. CONSONANTS AND VOWELS: Identifying C/V, Describing C. EXERCISES IN GENERAL PHONETICS. DESCRIBING SOUNDS: Communicating about Pronunciation. CONSONANTS AND VOWELS: Classification and Experimentation. CONSONANTS AND VOWELS: Classification Practice 2. EXERCISES BASED ON OTHER LANGUAGES. CONSONANTS AND VOWELS: Hawaiian C/V Inventory. CONSONANTS AND VOWELS: Wichita C/V Inventory. CONSONANTS AND VOWELS: Biblical Hebrew Consonant Inventory. CONSONANTS AND VOWELS: Sound Symbolism in Lakota.3. PHONOLOGY. Key Terms and Symbols. SOLVED?PROBLEM-PHONEMES?AND?ALLOPHONES: [c] and [x] in Irish and German. EXERCISES BASED ON ENGLISH. PHONEMES AND ALLOPHONES: Modern English [k] and [kh]. PHONOLOGICAL RULES: A Phonological Rule of Old English. SYLLABLE STRUCTURE: Constraints on Consonant Clusters in English. MORPHOLOGY/PHONOLOGY INTERACTION: Articles in English. MORPHOLOGY/PHONOLOGY INTERACTION: A Negative Prefix in English. PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN CASUAL ENGLISH PRONUNCIATIONS. EXERCISES BASED ON OTHER LANGUAGES. PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN CASUAL ENGLISH PRONUNCIATIONS 2. PHONOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE IN NON-NATIVE PRONUNCIATIONS EXERCISES BASED ON OTHER LANGUAGES. PHONEMES AND ALLOPHONES: Spanish [?] and [r~]. PHONEMES AND ALLOPHONES: Spanish [s] and [z]. PHONEMES AND ALLOPHONES: Hindi and Japanese. PHONEMES AND ALLOPHONES: [t], [?], and [?] in Biblical Hebrew and Standard Arabic. PHONOLOGICAL RULES: Tokyo Japanese. PHONOLOGICAL RULES: Italian [s] and [z]. PHONOLOGICAL RULES: A Phonological Rule of Russian. PHONOLOGICAL RULES: Cuban Spanish and "R-Less" English. PHONOLOGICAL RULES: Mandarin Tone Change of pu and ?. PHONOLOGICAL RULES: Voiceless Vowels in Japanese. PHONOLOGICAL RULES: Tones in Akan. SYLLABLE STRUCTURE: Japanese versus English. SYLLABLE STRUCTURE: Mandarin Chinese. STRESS: Icelandic, Swahili, Modern Greek, and Standard Arabic. MORPHOLOGY/PHONOLOGY INTERACTION: Articles in French and Arabic. MORPH-OLOGY/PHONOLOGY INTERACTION: Malay/Indonesian Morphophonemics. MORPHOLOGY/ PHONOLOGY INTERACTION: A Derived Verb Stem in Arabic. MORPHOLOGY/PHONOLOGY INTERACTION: Articles and Pronouns in Modern Greek (or "The Girl or the Sailor?"). MORPHOLOGY/PHONOLOGY INTERACTION: The Definite Article in Welsh. MORPHOLOGY/ PHONOLOGY INTERACTION: Vowel Harmony in Turkish. MORPHOLOGY/PHONOLOGY INTERACTION: Na'vi Plurals. 4. SYNTAX. Key Terms and Symbols. EXERCISES BASED ON ENGLISH. CONSTITUENCY AND TREE DIAGRAMS: English Constituent Structure. CONSTITUENCY AND TREE DIAGRAMS: English Sentence Trees . CONSTITUENCY AND TREE DIAGRAMS: Structural Ambiguity in English. GRAMMATICAL RELATIONS: English. SYNTACTIC OPERATIONS: English Passives. SYNTACTIC OPERATIONS: English Relative Clauses. SYNTACTIC OPERATIONS: English Question Formation with Modals. SYNTACTIC OPERATIONS: Constraints on Information Questions in English. SENTENCE TYPES: English Clauses. EXERCISES BASED ON OTHER LANGUAGES. CONSTITUENCY AND TREE DIAGRAMS: Spanish, Japanese, and English. PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES: Articles, Demonstratives, and Possessives in English, Italian, and Greek. SYNTACTIC OPERATIONS: French Interrogatives. SYNTACTIC OPERATIONS: Chinese Noun Modifiers and Relative Clauses. SYNTACTIC OPERATIONS: Case Marking and Relative Clauses in German. WORD ORDER: Yiddish and Turkish. WORD ORDER: Aspects of Klingon.5. SEMANTICS. Key Terms and Symbols. EXERCISES BASED ON ENGLISH. TYPES OF MEANING: Referential, Social, and Affective. LEXICAL SEMANTICS: English Lexical Semantics. LEXICAL SEMANTICS: True Synonymy and the Rarity Thereof. LEXICAL SEMANTICS: English Metaphors 1. LEXICAL SEMANTICS: English Metaphors 2. FUNCTION WORDS AND CATEGORIES OF MEANING: Deictic Expressions. FUNCTION WORDS AND CATEGORIES OF MEANING: Definiteness, Referentiality, and Specificity. SEMANTIC ROLES AND SENTENCE SEMANTICS: Semantic Roles in Headlines. ONLINE AND PRINTED DICTIONARIES.EXERCISES BASED ON OTHER LANGUAGES. LEXICAL SEMANTICS: Classifiers in Malay/Indonesian. LEXICAL SEMANTICS: Adjective Classes in Persian.6. PRAGMATICS. Key Terms and Symbols. EXERCISES BASED ON ENGLISH. CATEGORIES OF INFORMATION STRUCTURE: Old Information and New Information. CATEGORIES OF INFORMATION STRUCTURE: Definiteness and Indefiniteness; Old and New Information. PRAGMATIC CATEGORIES AND SYNTAX: Agentless Passives in English. SPEECH ACTS: Categorizing Speech Acts in English. SPEECH ACTS: Sentence Implication. THE COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE: The Gricean Maxims in American English. VIOLATING THE COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE: Indirectness. EXERCISES BASED ON OTHER LANGUAGES. PRAGMATIC CATEGORIES AND SYNTAX: Sentence-Final ba in Mandarin Chinese. PRAGMATIC CATEGORIES AND SYNTAX: The shi ... de Construction in Chinese.7. REGISTER. Key Terms and Symbols. EXERCISES BASED ON ENGLISH. HOW REGISTERS ARE MARKED: Pronunciation of -ing in New York City. HOW REGISTERS ARE MARKED: Lexical Domains and Informality. SLANG. HOW REGISTERS ARE MARKED: Recipe Register. HOW REGISTERS ARE MARKED: The Syntax and Lexicon of Personal Ads. COMPARING NATURAL AND LITERARY CONVERSATION. EXERCISES BASED ON OTHER LANGUAGES. COMPARING REGISTERS: Formal and Colloquial Registers in Persian.8. DIALECT. Key Terms and Symbols. REGIONAL AND SOCIAL DIALECTS: English Dialect Identification. REGIONAL DIALECTS OF AMERICAN ENGLISH: Isoglosses. REGIONAL DIALECTS OF AMERICAN ENGLISH: DARE 1. REGIONAL DIALECTS OF AMERICAN ENGLISH: DARE 2. REGIONAL?DIALECTS OF AMERICAN ENGLISH: Vowel Shifts in North American English. ETHNIC VARIETIES OF AMERICAN ENGLISH: Chicano English. ETHNIC VARIETIES OF AMERICAN ENGLISH: African-American English. ETHNIC VARIETIES OF AMERICAN ENGLISH: A Resolution on Ebonics. 9. WRITING. Key Terms and Symbols. EXERCISES BASED ON ENGLISH.FUNCTIONS OF SPEAKING AND WRITING: English Notices. SYSTEMS OF SPEAKING AND WRITING: Eighteenth-Century Written versus Spoken English. WRITING SYSTEMS: Indeterminacy and Ambiguity in English Spelling. EXERCISES BASED ON OTHER LANGUAGES. WRITING SYSTEMS: Italian Spelling. WRITING SYSTEMS: Modern Greek. WRITING SYSTEMS: Modern Hebrew. WRITING SYSTEMS: Persian. WRITING SYSTEMS: Korean Hangul. WRITING SYSTEMS: Japanese Hiragana. WRITING SYSTEMS: Chinese Characters. EVOLUTION OF WRITING SYSTEMS: Malay/Indonesian. 10. HISTORICAL AND COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS. Key Terms and Symbols. EXERCISES BASED ON ENGLISH. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IN ENGLISH: A Text Across Time. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IN ENGLISH: Lexical Change from Shakespeare to Modern English. FREQUENCY VARIATION IN ENGLISH VOCABULARY. EXERCISES BASED ON OTHER LANGUAGES. LANGUAGE COMPARISON: Classification of Lexical Similarities. PHONOLOGICAL CHANGE: Greek. PHONOLOGICAL CHANGE: Persian. PHONOLOGICAL CHANGE: Comparative Romance 1. PHONOLOGICAL CHANGE: Comparative Romance 2. PHONOLOGICAL CHANGE: Borrowed Items. RECONSTRUCTION: Proto-Semitic Consonants. RECONSTRUCTION: The Spiiktumi Family. APPENDIXES. Glossary. The Pinyin Transcription System for Mandarin Chinese. Transcription of Semitic Consonants. Language Index. Bibliography.

English

Abdul Latif